Maak van aantekeninge

Hoekom moet ek aantekeninge maak?

Jy moet aantekeninge maak omdat jy ’n inligtingsbewaringstelsel nodig het.

Watter verskil maak aantekeninge?

Deur aantekeninge te maak, sal jy die onderwerp in meer diepte kan verstaan.

Afstandsleerders woon nie klasse by om na lesings te luister nie; hulle is dus nie kampusstudente nie. Die inligting wat afstandstudente nodig het, word in die vorm van studiegidse (όf aanlyn όf in gedrukte formaat), handboeke en ander hulpbronne soos vaktydskrifartikels beskikbaar gestel. Studielees is nie genoeg nie; suksesvolle studente maak aantekeninge van dit wat hulle gelees het.

Aantekeninge het ’n dubbele doel:

1. Dit dien as ’n permanente rekord van die tyd wat jy aan ’n gedeelte van die werk bestee het.
2. Dit dien as die eerste stap in die uitbreiding van jou netwerk van geheuestrategieë. Die maak van aantekeninge is die skakel tussen studielees en die beantwoording van werkopdragvrae.

Wanneer jy nuwe inhoud leer, moet jy seker maak dat jy die materiaal verwerk sodat jy in staat sal wees om dit te verstaan en te onthou. Nuwe inligting kan die beste verwerk word as jy dit herrangskik om by jou manier van leer te pas. Die beste manier om inligting te verwerk, is om aantekeninge te maak. Visuele aantekeninge en lineêre aantekeninge is die twee vernaamste style vir die maak van aantekeninge. Oor die algemeen behoort ’n kreatiewe, visuele benadering tot die maak van aantekeninge by jou byval te vind indien jy ’n verbeeldingryke leerstyl het. As jou leerstyl egter meer feitelik is, sal jy moontlik die netjieser, stapsgewyse, verhalende benadering verkies wanneer jy aantekeninge maak.

Twee benaderings tot die maak van aantekeninge

• Visuele aantekeningmetodes  sluit breinkaarte, spinnekopdiagramme, vertakkingsaantekeninge, trosdiagramme, tabelle, vloeikaarte, en organogramme in.
• Verhalende aantekeningmetodes sluit lineêre aantekeninge, lysting, tydlynaantekeninge, sleutelwoord- en paragraafmetodes, die vraagmetode, en segmentering en etikettering in.

Toepassings van die verskillende metodes

Hoe besluit jy watter metode is die beste een om toe te pas? Begin deur die inligting te herrangskik soos jy verkies.

Jou keuse hang van verskillende faktore af, soos die tyd van die jaar (aan die begin van die jaar of semester sal jy miskien ’n oorsig wil gee om as verwysingsraamwerk te dien, terwyl jy nader aan die eksamen dalk eerder besonderhede sal aandui as ’n manier om jou kennisbasis te versterk); jou skatting van die aard van die studietaak (is dit ingewikkeld of onbekend; behels dit baie bladsye se leerwerk?); en jou leerstyl (begin jy met ’n oorkoepelende idee, of verkies jy ’n stapsgewyse benadering?).

Hier is ’n paar voorstelle wat jy kan ondersoek. Wanneer jy met ’n kursus begin, kan die formulering van ’n algemene idee van waaroor die inhoud gaan, ’n nuttige vertrekpunt wees. Jy kan dit doen deur ’n breinkaart, trosdiagram of organogram te teken op grond van die inhoudsopgawe en die afdeling- en onderafdeling-opskrifte.

Wanneer jy ’n hoofstuk of ’n afdeling aanpak, kan jy een van die verhalende metodes soos segmentering en etikettering; die sleutelwoord-en-paragraaf-metode; of die vraagmetode gebruik om ’n beter begrip van die handboek of die studiegids te vorm. As jy begin het deur een van die visuele metodes te gebruik om aantekeninge te maak, behoort die struktuur van die kursus of die bepaalde hoofstuk nou in jou geheue vasgelê te wees. Om die struktuur in gedagte te hou terwyl jy deur die hoofstuk lees, en dan aantekeninge te maak, help jou om van ’n gevoel van onbekendheid na kennis te beweeg. Jy moet vir jouself kan sê: “Ja! Nou sien ek hoe alles inmekaarpas!”

Deur sowel visuele as verhalende metodes te gebruik om aantekeninge te maak, kan jy verhoed dat jy verveeld of lomerig raak terwyl jy studeer. Afwisseling van die metodes sal jou help om jou konsentrasie te behou. Wanneer jy aktief probeer om sin te maak, raak dit makliker om die inligting te onthou. Kombinering van verskillende aantekeningmetodes in jou bemeestering van studiemateriaal is die strategie wat deur ’n wyse student gevolg word. Watter styl jy ook al verkies wanneer jy aantekeninge maak (dit wil sê, visueel of verhalend), die uitdaging lê in jou vermoë om met verskillende benaderings te eksperimenteer vir studeertake, en om te identifiseer watter daarvan die mees doeltreffende is.

Bronne

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Maak ’n breinkaart om ’n oorsig te kry

Voorbeeld van ’n visuele aantekeningmetode: breinkaart

Stappe om te volg

Stap 1

Begin met ’n sentrale konsep. Gebruik die inhoudsopgawe – dit is die mees kernagtige opsomming van die studiegids of boek.

Stap 2

Voeg sleutelwoorde of -frases by om die sentrale konsep uit te brei (hoofstuk- en afdelingopskrifte).

Stap 3

As jy meer sleutelwoorde of -frases nodig het, gebruik die onderopskrifte in elke hoofstuk. Jy het nou ’n verwysingsraamwerk gevestig (m.a.w. ’n begrip van hoe die verskillende afdelings, hoofstukke, en hul onderafdelings met mekaar verband hou).

Stap 4

Gebruik die geheuekaart as ’n selftoets. Bêre jou boeke en aantekeninge. Gebruik ’n skoon vel papier en maak op jou geheue staat om weer te gee wat jy so pas op die breinkaart geskryf het. Vergelyk dit met jou eerste poging.

Bron

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Die vraagstelsel om besonderhede te beheer

Voorbeeld van ’n verhalende aantekeningmetode: vraagstelsel

Stappe om te volg

• Stap 1: Verdeel die bladsy in twee sodat daar ’n linkerkantste kolom (een derde van die bladsy) en ’n regterkantste kolom (twee derdes van die bladsy) is.
• Stap 2: In die linkerkantste kolom moet jy die studiedoelwitte herformuleer as vrae – jou aantekeninge in die regterkantste kolom sal die vrae in die linkerkantste kolom beantwoord.
• Stap 3: Soos jy deur die studiegids en die handboek werk, moet jy in die regterkantste kolom jou aantekeninge formuleer as antwoorde op die vrae wat gestel is.
• Stap 4: Jy kan meer vrae in die regterkantste kolom byvoeg en beantwoord. Om hersiening te doen vir eksamendoeleindes, bedek die aantekeninge en kyk of jy die vrae kan beantwoord deur óf hardop te praat óf die antwoorde neer te skryf.

Bron

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Lees Study @ Unisa

Study @ Unisa is jou studie-oorlewingspak. Gebruik die inligting in hierdie gids om jou te help om met jou studie te begin. Die gids bevat ook vinnige skakels na al die ondersteuningsdienste wat Unisa bied, sowel as inligting oor belangrike prosesse soos die indiening van werkopdragte.

Verdere hulpbronne

• Kontak die Unisa-sentrum naaste aan jou om uit te vind oor moontlike werkswinkels vir studievaardighede wat aangebied gaan word. As jy nie persoonlik ’n werkswinkel kan bywoon nie, kan jy die Notemaking-werkswinkelaanbieding aflaai.
• Volg die YouTube-kanaal Counselling & Career Development: https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Go ngwala dinoutse

Ke ka lebaka la eng o ngwala dinoutse?

O swanetše go ngwala dinoutse go boloka tshedimošo ya gago.

Go ngwala dinoutse go dira phapano efe?

Ka go ngwala dinoutse, o tla kgona go kwešiša thuto ka mo go tseneletšego.

Baithuti ba go ithuta ba le kgole ga ba rutwe ka phapošing ya borutelo go theeletša dithuto; ba ithuta ka ntle ga khamphase, ba hwetša thuto ya bona ka mokgwa wa dipukutlhahlo (tšeo di lego onlaene goba tšeo di gatišitšwego), dipukukgakollo le methopo e mengwe, bjalo ka diathikele tša ditšenale. Go bala fela ga se gwa lekana. Baithuti bao ba atlegago ba ngwala dinoutse ka seo ba se badilego.

Dinoutse di na le merero e mebedi:

1. Di šoma bjalo ka rekhoto ya go ya go ile ya nako yeo o ithutilego karolo ya mošomo.
2. Di šoma bjalo ka kgato ya mathomo ya go katološa neteweke ya gago ya maano a go gopola. Go ngwala dinoutse ke mokgwa wa go bala thuto le go araba dipotšišo tša asaenemente.

Ge o ithuta diteng tša thuto e mpsha, o swanetše go netefatša gore o bala thuto gore o kgone go e kwešiša le go e gopola. O ithuta tshedimošo e mpsha gabotse ge o e ngwalaleswa ka mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta. Tsela e botse ya go hwetša tsebo ke ka go ngwala dinoutse. Dinoutse tša go bonwa le dinoutse tša go ngwalwa ka lenaneo ke mehuta e mebedi ya go ngwala dinoutse. Ka kakaretšo, ge o ithuta ka boikgopolelo, ka boitlhamelo, mokgwa wa go ngwala dinoutse o tla go kgahla. Ge o ithuta ka mokgwa wa dintlha tša nnete, o ka thabela mokgwa wa go ngwala ka bothakga, wa go ngwala kgato ka kgato, wa go ngwala ka mokgwa wa kanegelo.

Mekgwa e mebedi ya go ngwala dinoutse

• Mekgwa ya go ngwala dinoutse tše di bonwago e akaretša peakanyo ya dintlha le dikakanyo, tshwantšho ya boka letata , dinoutse tša go fapoga, ditlelastakeramo, ditafola, difolowotšhate, le diokanokeramo.
• Mekgwa ya go ngwala dinoutse ka kanegelo e akaretša dinoutse tša go ngwalwa ka tatelano, lenaneo, dinoutse tša go ba le nako, mokgwa wa mantšu a bohlokwa le ditemana, mokgwa wa potšišo, le go aroganya le go swaya.

Go šomiša mekgwa ya go fapana

O tšea bjang sephetho sa gore ke mokgwa ofe o mo kaone wo o ka o šomišago? Thoma ka go ngwalaleswa tshedimošo ka mokgwa wo o go swanetšego.

Kgetho ya gago e laolwa ke dintlha tše mmalwa, bjalo ka nako ya ngwaga (mathomong a ngwaga goba a semesetara o ka nyaka go ngwala kakaretšo go hloma lenaneo la tšhupetšo, mola ge e le nako ya go itokišetša ditlhahlobo tša gago o ka nyaka go ngwala dintlha bjalo ka mokgwa wa go kgoboketša motheo wa tsebo ya gago), tekanyetšo ya gago ya mohuta wa mošomo wa gago (naa o raragane, goba ga o tsebege; naa o akaretša matlakala a mantši a go ithuta?), le mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta (naa o thoma ka kgopolo ya kakaretšo, goba o rata mokgwa wa go ngwala kgato ka kgato?).

Tše ke ditšhišinyo tše dingwe tšeo o ka nyakago go di šomiša. Ge o thoma thuto, ntlha e bohlokwa ya go thoma e ka ba go ngwala kgopolokgolo gore thuto e ka mabapi le eng. O ka dira se ka peakanyo ya dintlha le dikakanyo, ditlelastakeramo goba diokanokeramo tšeo di theilwego godimo ga lenaneo la diteng le dihlogo tša karolo le dikarolwana.

Ge o thoma kgaolo goba karolo, o ka šomiša o mongwe wa mekgwa ya kanegelo bjalo ka go aroganya le go swaya dikarolo, mokgwa wa go ngwala mantšu a bohlokwa le ditemana, goba mokgwa wa dipotšišo go kwešiša pukukgakollo goba pukutlhahlo. Ge o thomile ka go šomiša wo mongwe wa mehuta ya go ngwala dinoutse tše di bonwago, sebopego sa thuto goba kgaolo e itšego e swanetše go tsepama kgopolong ya gago. Go gopola sebopego ge o bala kgaolo le go ngwala dinoutse go go thuša go tloga go maemo a go se tsebe go ya go maemo a go tseba. O swanetše go ipotša gore: "Ee! Bjale ke a kwešiša!"

Go šomiša mekgwa e mebedi ya pono le ya kanegelo ya go ngwala dinoutse go netefatša gore o be le mafolofolo gomme o se robale ge o ithuta. Go šomiša mekgwa e mebedi go tla go thuša go dula o tsepamiša kgopolo. Ge o nyaka tlhalošo ka mafolofolo, go gopola tshedimošo go ba bonolo. Go kopantšha mekgwa ya go fapana ya go ngwala dinoutse go ithuta matheriale wa khoso ya gago ke leano la moithuti yo a nago le bohlale bja go ithuta! Go sa šetšwe mokgwa wo o o ratago (wa pono goba wa kanegelo), tlhohlo ya go ngwala dinoutse e lebane kudu le bokgoni bja gago bja go leka mekgwa ya go fapana ya mešongwana ya thuto le go tseba yeo e šomago kudu.

Methopo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Peakanyo ya dintlha go ngwala kakaretšo

Example of a visual note making method: mind map

Dikgato tše di latelwago

Kgato ya 1

Thoma ka kgopolokgolo. Šomiša lenaneo la diteng – ke kakaretšo e kopana kudu ya pukutlhahlo goba ya pukukgakollo.

Kgato ya 2

Ngwala mantšu a bohlokwa goba dikafoko go katološa kgopolokgolo (dihlogo tša kgaolo le dikarolo).

Kgato ya 3

Ge o nyaka go oketša mantšu a bohlokwa goba dikafoko, šomiša dihlogo go kgaolo e nngwe le e nngwe. Bjale o na le motheo wa tšhupetšo (o kwešiša ka moo dikarolo tša go fapana, dikgaolo le dikarolwana di amanago ka gona).

Kgato ya 4

Šomiša peakanyo ya dintlha go itekola. Bea dipuku le dinoutse tša gago. Tšea letlakala le le hlwekilego la pampiri gomme o tšweletše se o se ngwadilego ntle le go šomiša dinoutse. Bapetša se o se ngwadilego le dinoutse.

Mothopo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Mokgwa wa go ngwala dipotšišo go beakanya dintlha

Example of a narrative note-making method: question system

Dikgato tše di latelwago

• Kgato ya 1: Aroganya letlakala ka bobedi go thala dikholomo tše pedi (karolong ya letlakala)
• Kgato ya 2: Go kholomo ya pele, ngwala maikemišetšo a thuto bjalo ka dipotšišo – dinoutse tša gago ka kholomong ya bobedi di tla araba dipotšišo tšeo di lego ka kholomong ya pele.
• Kgato ya 3: Go kholomo ya bobedi, ge o bala pukutlhahlo le pukukgakollo, ngwala dinoutse go araba dipotšišo tšeo di botšišwago.
• Kgato ya 4: O ka ngwala dipotšišo tše dingwe gomme wa di araba ka kholomong ya bobedi. Go bala gape go itokišetša tlhahlobo, tswalela dinoutse o bone gore o ka kgona go araba dipotšišo ka go araba ka molomo goba ka go ngwala dikarabo fase.

Mothopo

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Bala pukwana ya Study @ Unisa

Pukwana ya Study @ Unisa ke sedirišwa se bohlokwa kudu sa thuto ya gago. Šomiša tshedimošo ka go tlhahli ye go go thuša go thoma dithuto tša gago. Go tlaleletša, tlhahli ye e na le dilinki tša ditirelo tša Unisa tša thekgo le tshedimošo mabapi le dintlha tše bohlokwa bjalo ka go romela diasaenemente.

Methopo e mengwe

• Ikgokaganye le senthara ya Unisa ya kgauswi le wena go botšiša ka diwekešopo tša bokgoni bja go ithuta tšeo di ka bago gona. Ge o sa kgone go ya ka sebele, download tlhagišo ya wekešopo ya Notemaking.

• Latela Counselling & Career Development go tšhanele ya Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Go kwala dintlha

Goreng o tshwanetse go kwala dintlha?

O tlhoka go kwala dintlha gonne o tlhoka tsamaiso ya go boloka tshedimosetso.

Go kwala dintlha go dira pharologano ya eng?

Ka go kwala dintlha, o tlaa tlhaloganya setlhogo sentle.

Barutwana ba ba kwa kgakala ga ba tsenele dithuto mo phaposiborutelong go reetsa tlhatlhelelo; ba ithuta ba se kwa khemphaseng, mme tshedimosetso e ba e tlhokang e mo dikaeding tsa thuto (tse di kaneng di le mo maranyaneng gongwe di gatisitswe), dibuka tse di tlhaotsweng, le metswedi e mengwe, go tshwana le diathikele tsa dijenale. Go ithuta ka go buisa ga go a lekana. Baithuti ba ba atlegileng ba kwala dintlha tse ba di buisang.

Dintlha tseo di na le mesola e mebedi:

1. Di dira jaaka rekoto ya leruri ya nako e o e dirisitseng mo karolong ya tiro.
2. Di dira jaaka kgato ya ntlha ya go atolosa kgolagano ya gago ya ditogamaano tsa kgakologelo. Go kwala dintlha ke segoke magareng ga go ithuta ka go buisa le go araba dipotso tsa tirogae.

Fa o buisa diteng tse dintšhwa, o tlhoka go netefatsa gore o dirisa matheriale tota gore o kgone go o tlhaloganya le go o gakologelwa. Tshedimosetso e ntšhwa e tlhaloganyega botoka fa o e rulaganya sešwa gore e e tshwanele tsela e o ithutang ka yona. Tsela e e gaisang ya go tlhaloganya tshedimosetos ke go kwala dintlha. Dintlha tsa ditshwantsho le dintlha tse di kwalwang ka tatelano ke mekgwa e mebedi e megolo ya go tsaya dintlha. Ka kakaretso, fa o na le mokgwa wa go ithuta wa go ikakanyetsa, o tshwanetse go kgatlhwa ke molebo wa go tsaya dintlha ka boitlhamedi, le ditshwantsho. Fa mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta e le wa dintlha, o ka kgatlhwa ke molebo wa go kwala dintlha o o rulaganeng, wa kgato ka kgato, le o o anelang.

Melebo e mebedi ya go kwala dintlha

• Mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha ka ditshwantsho e akaretsa dimmapa tsa tlhaloganyo, ditshwantshobobi, dintlha tsa dikala, ditshwantshotlhopha, manane, ditšhate tsa kelelo, le diokanokeramo.
• Mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha ka kanelo e akaretsa dintlha tse di latelanang, go kwala lenane, dintlha tse di latelanang ka nako, mekgwa ya mafoko a botlhokwa le ditemana, mokgwa wa dipotso, le ka karoganyo le go baya dileibole.

Tiriso ya mekgwa e e farologaneng

O swetsa jang gore ke mokgwa ofe o o botoka go ka dirisiwa? Simolola ka go rulaganya tshedimosetso ka tsela e e go siametseng.

Boitlhophelo jwa gago bo ikaegile ka dintlha di le mmalwa, go tshwana le nako ya ngwaga (kwa tshimologong ya ngwaga gongwe semesetara o ka batla go rulaganya tshobokanyo go nna le letlhomeso, mme fa e le nako ya go rulaganyetsa ditlhatlhobo tsa gago o ka batla go kwala dintlha ka botlalo e le tsela ya go tsolotanya kitso ya gago), phopholetso ya gago ya mofuta wa tiro e e tshwanetseng go ithutiwa (a e marara, ga e a tlwaelega; a e na le ditsebe tse dintsi tse o tshwanetseng go ithuta mo go tsona?), le mokgwa wa gago wa go ithuta (a o simolola ka mogopolo ka kakaretso, gongwe o rata molebo wa kgato ka kgato?).

Fano go latela ditshitshinyo tse o ka di lekeletsang. Fa o simolola khoso, kgato ya ntlha e e ka nnang mosola e ka nna go nna le kitso ka kakaretso gore diteng di ka ga eng. O ka dira seno ka go thadisa mmapatlhaloganyo, setshwantshotlhopha gongwe okanokeramo go ya ka lenane la diteng le ditlhogo tsa dikarolo le dikarolwana.

Fa o simolola kgaolo gongwe karolo, o ka dirisa mongwe wa mekgwa ya kanelo o tshwana le wa karoganyo gongwe go leibola, mokgwa wa mafoko a botlhokwa le ditemana, gongwe mokgwa wa dipotso go kgona go tlhaloganya buka e e tlhaotsweng gongwe kaedi ya thuto. Fa o simolotse ka go dirisa mongwe wa mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha ka ditshwantsho, popego ya khoso gongwe kgaolo e e rileng e tshwanetse ya bo e tsepame mo kakanyong ya gago jaanong. Go nna le popego mo kakanyong fa o ntse o buisa kgaolo mme o kwala dintlha go go thusa go tswa mo ntlheng ya go se itse go ya kwa go ya go itse. O tshwanetse go kgona go ithaya o re: “Ee! Jaanong ke bona gore tsotlhe di golagana jang!”

Go dirisa mekgwa ya ditshwantsho le ya kanelo ya go kwala dintlha go netefatsa gore ga o lapisege le go otsela fa o ntse o ithuta. Go refosanya mekgwa go tlaa go thusa go nna o tsepamisitse mogopolo mo tirong. Fa o batla bokao ka botlhaga, go gakologelwa tshedimosetso go nna bonolo. Go kopanya mekgwa ya go kwala dintlha go itse matheriale wa khoso ya gago ke togamaano ya moithuti yo o botlhale! Go sa tshwenye gore mokgwa wa gago ke ofe (wa ditshwantsho gongwe wa kanelo), kgwetlho ya go kwala dintlha e ikaegile mo bokgoning jwa gago go lekeletsa melebo e e farologaneng ya go ithuta le go supa e e bokgoni thata.

Metswedi

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Example of a visual note making method: mind map

Dikgato tse o tshwanetseng go di latela

Kgato 1

Simolola ka mogopolo wa botlhokwa. Dirisa lenane la diteng – ke yona tshobokanyo tota ya kaedi ya thuto gongwe buka.

Kgato 2

Tsenya mafoko gongwe dipolelwana tsa botlhokwa go atolosa mogopolo wa botlhokwa (ditlhogo tsa dikgaolo gongwe dikarolo).

Kgato 3

Fa o tlhoka mafoko gongwe dipolelwana tse dingwe tsa botlhokwa, dirisa ditlhogwana tse di mo kgaolong nngwe le nngwe. Jaanong o na le letlhomeso (go tlhaloganya ka moo dikarolo tse di farologaneng, dikgaolo, le dikgaolopotlana di amanang ka gona)

Kgato 4

Dirisa mmapatlhaloganyo jaaka itlhatlhobo. Baya dibuka le dintlha. Tsaya letlhare le le sa kwalelang sepe la pampiri mme o dirise kgakologelo ya gago go tlhagisa se o fetsang go se kwala mo mmapatlhaloganyong. Se tshwantshe le maiteko a gago a ntlha.

Motswedi

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Dikgato tse o tshwanetseng go di latela

Example of a narrative note-making method: question system

Steps to follow

• Kgato 1: Arola tsebe go nna dikarolo tse pedi go dira kholomo ka fa molemeng (nngwetharong ya tsebe) le kholomo ka fa mojeng (peditharong ya tsebe).
• Kgato 2: Mo kholomong ya molema, kwala maikemisetso a go ithuta sešwa e le dipotso – dintlha tsa gago tse di mo kholomong ya moja di tlaa araba dipotso tse di mo kholomong ya molema.
• Kgato 3: Mo kholomong ya moja, fa o ntse o buisa kaedi ya thuto le buka e e tlhaotsweng, kwala dintlha tse di arabang dipotso tse o di boditseng.
• Kgato 4: O ka oketsa dipotso mme wa di araba mo kholomong ya moja. Go boeletsa malebana le ditlhatlhobo, fitlha dintlha mme o bone gore a o ka araba dipotso ka go buela kwa godimo gongwe ka go kwala dikarabo.

Motswedi

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Buisa Study @ Unisa

Study @ Unisa ke sediriswa sa gago sa botlhokwa sa go ithuta. Dirisa tshedimosetso e e mo kaeding eno go go thusa go simolola dithuto tsa gago. Go tlaleletsa, kaedi e tlamela ka digoke tse di bonako tsa tshegetso yotlhe e e tlamelwang ke Unisa, gammogo le tshedimosetso malebana le ditirego tsa botlhokwa di tshwana le go neela ditirogae.

Metswedi e mengwe

• Golagana le tikwatikwe e e gaufi nao ya Unisa go botsa ka ga dikopanothutano tse di ka nnang gona tsa dikgono tsa go ithuta. Fa o sa kgone go tsenela kopanothutano ka bowena, download (laisolola) tlhagiso ya kopanothutano ya Notemaking.
• Latela kanale ya YouTube ya Counselling & Career Development:  https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Ho ngola dinoutse

Ke hobaneng ha o ngola dinoutse?

O hloka ho ngola dinoutse hobane o hloka mokgwa wa ho boloka tlhahisoleseding.

Ho ngola dinoutse ho etsa phapang efe?

Ka ho ngola dinoutse, o tla utlwisisa sehlooho ka botebo.

Baithuti ba hole ha ba kene ditlelaseng ho mamela thupelo; ba ithutela kantle ho khamphase, ka tlhaisoleseding eo ba e hlokang e ka hara ditataiso tsa boithuto (tse ka bang inthaneteng kapa tse hatisitsweng), dibuka tsa thuto, le mehlodi e meng, jwalo ka dingodilweng tsa koranta. Ho bala ho ithuta ha hwa lekana. Baithuti ba atlehileng ba ngola dinoutse ka seo ba se badileng.

Dinoutse di na le merero e mmedi:

1. Di sebetsa e le tlaleho e sa feleng ya nako eo o e sebedisitseng karolong e itseng ya mosebetsi.
2. Di sebetsa e le mohato wa pele wa ho atolosa marangrang a mekgwa ya ho hopola. Ho ngola dinoutse ke sehokelo dipakeng tsa ho bala boithuto le ho araba dipotso tsa mosebetsi.

Ha o ntse o ithuta dikahare tse ntjha, o lokela ho etsa bonnete ba hore o sebetsa ka disebediswa tseo e le hore o kgone ho di utlwisisa le ho bo hopola. Tlhahisoleseding e ntjha e ka sebetswa hantle haeba o e hlophisa botjha hore e dumellane le mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta. Mokgwa o motle wa ho sebetsana le tlhahisoleseding ke ho ngola dinoutse. Dinoutse tse bonwang le dinoutse tsa mela ke mekgwa e mmeli ya mantlha ya ho ngola dinoutse. Ha re bua ka mokgwa o pharaletseng, haeba o na le mokgwa wa ho ithuta o inahanelwang, mokgwa wa boqapi, wa pono wa ho ngola dinoutse e lokela ho ba ntho e ntle ho wena. Haeba mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta e le wa nnete, o ka kgetha mokgwa o hlophisitsweng, mohato ka mohato, wa phetelo wa ho ngola dinoutse.

Mekgwa e mmeli ya ho etsa dinoutse

• Mekgwa ya ho ngola dinoutse ka pono e kenyelletsa dimmapa tsa kelello, setshwantsho seo mehopolo e hokahantsweng ka mela jwalo ka tepo ya sekgoho,ho etsa dikhopi, ho kopanya dintho tse tshwanang, ditafole, setshwantso sa mehato ya tshebetso ka tatelano, le boemedi ba ditshwantsho.
• Mekgwa ya ho ngola dinoutse tse phetwang e kenyelletsa dinoutse tsa mela, lethathamo, dinoutse tsa nako, mantswe a sehlooho le mekgwa ya dirapa, mokgwa wa dipotso, le ho arola le ho ngola.

Ho sebedisa mekgwa e fapaneng

O etsa qeto jwang hore na ke mokgwa ofe o molemohadi o ka sebediswang? Qala ka ho hlophisa botjha tlhahisoleseding ka tsela e tla o tshwanela.

Kgetho ya hao e itshetlehile ka dintlha tse mmalwa, tse kang nako ya selemo (maqalong a selemo kapa semestara o ka nna wa batla ho etsa kakaretso ya ho theha moralo wa ditshupiso, athe ha e le nako ya ho itokisetsa ditlhahlobo tsa hao o ka nna wa batla ho ngola dintlha e le mokgwa wa ho kopanya motheo wa tsebo ya hao), kgakanyo ya hao ya mofuta wa mosebetsi wa boithuto (na o rarahane, kapa ha o o tsebe; na o kenyelletsa maqephe a mangata a thuto?), le mokgwa wa hao wa ho ithuta (na o qala ka mohopolo o akaretsang, kapa o kgetha mokgwa wa mohato ka mohato?).

Ditlhahiso tseo o ka ratang ho di hlahloba ke tsena. Ha o qala thupelo, ntlha ya bohlokwa ya ho tloha e ka ba ho theha mohopolo o akaretsang wa hore na dikahare di bua ka eng. O ka etsa sena ka ho taka mmapa wa mehopolo, ho kopanya dintho tse tshwanang kapa boemedi ba ditshwantsho e thehilweng lethathamong la dikahare le dihlooho tsa karolo le dikarolwana.

Ha o atamela kgaolo kapa karolo, o ka sebedisa o mong wa mekgwa ya ho pheta e kang ho arola le ho ngola, mantswe a sehlooho le mokgwa wa dirapa, kapa mokgwa wa ho botsa dipotso ho finyella kutlwisiso e tebileng ya buka kapa tataiso ya ho ithuta. Haeba o qadile ka ho sebedisa e nngwe ya mekgwa ya ho etsa dinoutse tse bonwang, sebopeho sa thupelo kapa kgaolo e itseng jwale di lokela ho tshwarwa mohopolong wa hao. Ho hopola moralo ha o ntse o bala kgaolo kaofela ebe o ngola dinoutse ho o thusa ho tloha boemong boo o sa bo tlwaelang ho ya boemong ba ho tseba. O lokela ho re ho wena: "E! Jwale ke bona kamoo tsohle di dumellanang kateng!"

Ho sebedisa mekgwa ya pono le ya ho pheta ya ho ngola dinoutsu ho netefatsa hore ha o tenehe le ho otsela ha o ntse o ithuta. Ho fetola pakeng tsa mekgwa ho tla o thusa ho boloka mohopolo wa hao. Ha o batla moelelo ka mafolofolo, ho hopola tlhahisoleseding ho ba bonolo. Ho kopanya mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho ngola dinoutse ho ipabola dithutong tsa hao ke leano la moithuti ya bohlale ho ithuta! Ho sa tsotelehe mokgwa oo o o ratang (wa pono kapa wa phetelo), phephetso ya ho ngola dinoutse ke bokgoni ba hao ba ho etsa diteko ka mekgwa e fapaneng ya ho ithuta mesebetsi le ho tseba e sebetsang hantle.

Mehlodi

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Mmapa wa kelello ho fumana kakaretso

Mohlala wa mokgwa wa ho etsa dinotse tse bonwang: mmapa wa kelello

Mehato e lokelang ho latelwa

Mohato wa 1

Qala ka mohopolo o bohareng. Sebedisa lethathamo la dikahare - ke kakaretso e kgutshwane ka ho fetesisa ya tataiso kapa buka

Mohato wa 2

Kenya mantswe a bohlokwa kapa dipolelwana ho hodisa mohopolo o bohareng (dihlooho tsa dikgaolo le dihlooho tsa dikarolo).

Mohato wa 3

Haeba o hloka mantswe a sehlooho kapa dipolelwana tse ding, sebedisa dihloohwana tse kgaolong ka nngwe. Hona jwale o thehile moralo wa ditshupiso (kutlwisiso ya hore na dikarolo tse fapaneng, dikgaolo, le dikarolwana tsa tsona di amana jwang).

Mohato wa 4

Sebedisa mmapa wa kelello e le ho itlhahloba. Behella dibuka le dinoutse tsa hao ka thoko. Nka pampiri e hlwekileng, mme ka hlooho o hlahise seo o sa tswa se etsa ka mmapa wa kellello. E bapise le boiteko ba hao ba pele.

Mohlodi

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Sistimi ya dipotso ho laola dintlha

Mohlala wa mokgwa wa ho ngola dinoutse tsa ho pheta: tsamaiso ya dipotso

Mehato e lokelang ho latelwa

• Mohato wa 1: Arola leqephe ka bobedi ho etsa kholomo e ka letsohong le letshehadi (karolo ya boraro ya leqephe) le kholomo e letsohong le letona (karolo ya bobedi ho tse tharo ya leqephe).
• Mohato wa 2: Kholomong e ka letsohong le letshehadi, hlabolla mantswe a sepheo sa thuto ka tsela e tshwanang le dipotso - dinoutse tsa hao tse ka letsohong le letona di tla araba dipotso tse kholomong e ka letsohong le letshehadi.
• Mohato wa 3: Ka hara kholomo e ka letsohong le letona, ha o ntse o sebetsa ka bukana ya tataiso le buka, etsa dinoutse tsa hao e le dikarabo tsa dipotso tse botswang.
• Mohato wa 4: O ka eketsa dipotso ebe o di araba ka kholomong ya letsohong le letona. Ho boeletsa molemong wa tlhahlobo, thiba dinoutse mme o bone hore na o ka araba dipotso ka ho buela hodimo kapa ka ho ngola dikarabo fatshe.

Mohlodi

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Read Study @ Unisa

Study @ Unisa ke sesebediswa tsa hao sa ho iphedisa. Sebedisa tlhahisoleseding e tataisong ena ho o thusa ho qala dithuto tsa hao. Ho feta moo, tataiso e fana ka dikgokahano tse potlakileng ho tshehetso yohle e fanwang ke Unisa le tlhahisoleseding mabapi le ditshebetso tsa bohlokwa jwalo ka ho fana ka mesebetsi.

Disebediswa tse ding

• Ikopanye le setsi sa Unisa se haufi le wena ho botsa ka dithupelo tse ka bang teng tsa ditsebo tsa ho ithuta tse tla fanwa. Haeba o sa kgone ho ya thupelong ka seqo, kgwasolla tlhahiso ya dithupelo tsa Notemaking.
• Latela motjha wa YouTube wa Keletso le Ntlafatso ya Mosebetsi:https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Ukubhala amanothi

Ayini amanothi?

Udinga ukubhala amanothi ngoba udinga isistimu yokugcina ulwazi.

Mehluko muni odalwa ukubhalwa amanothi?

You will understand the topic in more depth.

Ngokubhala amanothi, uzosiqonda isihloko ngokujula okwengeziwe.

Abafundi abafunda emakhaya abalubhadi emakilasini ukuyolalela izinkulumo; bafunda ngaphandle kwekhampasi, nolwazi abaludingayo luqukethwe kumhlahlandlela wokufunda (okungenzeka ube ku-inthanethi noma ophrintiwe), izincwadi zokufunda, neminye imithombo, efana nezindatshana zamajenali. Ukufunda ukufundwayo akwanele. Abafundi abaphumelele babhala amanothi kulokho abakufundile.

Amanotho ahlose okubili:

1. Zisebenza njengerekhodi laphakade lesikhathi osichithe engxenyeni ethile yomsebenzi.
2. Asebenza njengesinyathelo sokuqala ekwandiseni inethiwekhi yakho yamasu enkumbulo. Ukubhala amanothi isixhumanisi phakathi kokufunda ukufunda nokuphendula imibuzo eyabelwe.

Lapho ufunda okuqukethwe okusha, udinga ukuqinisekisa ukuthi ucubungula indaba ukuze ukwazi ukukuqonda futhi ukukhumbule. Ulwazi olusha lucutshungulwa kangcono uma uluhlela kabusha ukuze luhambisane nendlela yakho yokufunda. Indlela engcono kakhulu yokucubungula ulwazi ukwenza amanothi. Amanothi abonakalayo namanothi emigqa yizitayela ezimbili eziyinhloko zokwenza amanothi. Ngokujwayelekile , uma unesitayela sokufunda esicatshangelwayo, indlela yokudala, ebonakalayo yokwenza amanothi kufanele ikuhehe. Uma indlela yakho yokufunda iyiqiniso kakhulu, ungakhetha indlela ehlelekile, yesinyathelo nesinyathelo, elandisayo yokwenza amanothi.

Izindlela ezimbili zokwenza amanothi

• Izindlela zokubhala amanothi ezibonwayo zifaka amamephu engqondo, amaspayida gramu, amanothi egatsha, amaqoqo, amathebula, amashadi agelezayo, kanye nama oganogramu.
• Izindlela zokubhala amanothi okulandisayo zihlanganisa amanothi alandelanayo, ukufakwa kuhlu, amanothi omugqa wesikhathi, amagama abalulekile nezindlela zezigaba, indlela yemibuzo, nokuhlukanisa amalebula.

Ukusetshenziswa kwezindlela ezahlukene

Unquma kanjani ukuthi iyiphi indlela engcono kakhulu yokufaka isicelo? Qala ngokuhlela kabusha ulwazi ngendlela evumelana nawe.

Ukukhetha kwakho kuncike ezintweni eziningi, njengesikhathi sonyaka (ekuqaleni konyaka noma isimista ungase ufune ukulungiselela isifinyezo ukuze uthole uhlaka lwereferensi, kanti uma sekuyisikhathi sokulungiselela izivivinyo zakho ufuna ukurekhoda imininingwane njengendlela yokuhlanganisa isisekelo solwazi lwakho), isilinganiso sakho sohlobo lomsebenzi wocwaningo (ingabe uyinkimbinkimbi, noma awujwayelekile; ingabe uhlanganisa amakhasi amaningi okufunda?), kanye nesitayela sakho sokufunda (ingabe uqala ngombono jikelele, noma ukhetha indlela yesinyathelo ngesinyathelo?).

Nazi ezinye iziphakamiso ongase uthande ukuzihlola. Uma uqala isifundo, iphuzu eliwusizo lokusuka kungaba ukwakhiwa kombono ophelele wokuthi okuqukethwe kumayelana nani. Lokhu ungakwenza ngokudweba imephu yengqondo, iklasatagramu noma i-oganogramy esekelwe kuthebula lokuqukethwe kanye nezigaba nezihlokwana.

Uma ufunda isahluko noma ingxenye, ungasebenzisa enye yezindlela zokulandisa ezifana nokuhlukanisa kanye nokulebula, igama elibalulekile nendlela yendima, noma indlela yemibuzo ukuze uzuze ukuqonda okuseduze kwencwadi yokufunda noma inkomba yokufunda. Uma uqale ngokusebenzisa enye yezindlela zokwenza amanothi abukwayo, ukwakheka kwesifundo noma isahluko esithile manje kufanele kumiswe enkumbulweni yakho. Ukukhumbula isakhiwo lapho ufunda isahluko sonke bese ubhala amaphuzu kukusiza ukuba usuke emqondweni ongajwayelekile uye kowokwazi. Kufanele ukwazi ukuzitshela ukuthi: "Yebo! Manje sengiyabona ukuthi kuhlangana kanjani konke!"

Ukusebenzisa kokubili izindlela ezibonwayo nezokulandisa kwenza amanothi ukuba abe nokuqinisekisa ukuthi awubi nesizungi futhi awozeli ngenkathi ufunda. Ukushintsha phakathi kwezindlela kuzokusiza ukuthi ugcine ukugxila kwakho. Uma usesha ngenkuthalo incazelo, ukukhumbula ulwazi kuba lula. Ukuhlanganisa izindlela ezihlukene zokwenza amanothi ukuze ukwazi ukufunda kahle izinto zakho zesifundo isu lomfundi ohlakaniphe ngokufunda! Kungakhathalekile ukuthi yisiphi isitayela osithandayo (esibonwayo noma esilandisayo), inselele yokwenza amanothi igxile ekhonweni lakho lokuzama izindlela ezahlukahlukene zokufunda imisebenzi kanye nokubona ephumelela ebaluleke kakhulu.

Imithombo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Imephu yengqondo ukuze uthole ukubuka konke

Isibonelo sendlela yokwenza amanothi abukwayo: imephu yengqondo

Izitebhu ezizolandelwa

Isitebhu soku-1:

Qala ngomqondo ophakathi nendawo. Sebenzisa uhlu lokuqukethwe - yisifinyezo esifingqiwe kakhulu somhlahlandlela wokufunda noma incwadi.

Isitebhu sesi-2:

Engeza amagama abalulekile noma imishwana ukuze wandise umqondo omaphakathi (izihloko zesahluko nesiqephu).

Isitebhu sesi-3:

Uma udinga amagama abalulekile engeziwe noma imishwana, sebenzisa izihlokwana ezingaphakathi kwesahluko ngasinye. Manje ususungule uhlaka lwereferensi (ukuqonda ukuthi izigaba ezihlukahlukene, izahluko, nezigatshana zazo zihlobana kanjani).

Isinyathelo sesi-4:

Sebenzisa imephu yengqondo ukuzihlola wena. Susa ubeke eceleni izincwadi zakho namanothi. Thatha ishidi lephepha elihlanzekile bese kuthi ngalakho okukhumbulayo wenze kabusha lokho osanda kukuthola kumephu yengqondo. Qhathanisa nomzamo wakho wokuqala.

Umthombo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Uhlelo lombuzo lokulawula imininingwane

Isibonelo sendlela yokulandisa okubhaliwe: uhlelo lwemibuzo

Izitebhu ezizolandelwa

• Isitebhu soku-1: Hlukanisa ikhasi libe kabili ukuze udale ikholomu engakwesobunxele (ingxenye eyodwa kwezintathu yekhasi) kanye nekholomu engakwesokudla (izingxenye ezimbili kwezintathu zekhasi).
• Isinyathelo sesi-2: Ohlwini olungakwesokunxele, chaza kabusha izinhloso zocwaningo njengemibuzo - amanothi akho kukholamu kwesokudla azophendula imibuzo ekholamu engakwesobunxele.
• Isinyathelo sesi-3: Kukholamu engakwesokudla, njengoba ufunda umhlahlandlela wokufunda nencwadi yokufunda, bhala amanothi akho njengezimpendulo zemibuzo ebuziwe.
• Isinyathelo sesi-4: Ungengeza eminye imibuzo bese uyiphendula kukholamu engakwesokudla. Ukuze ubuyekezele izinjongo zokuhlolwa, vala amanothi futhi ubone ukuthi ungakwazi yini ukuphendula imibuzo ngokukhulumela phezulu noma ngokubhala izimpendulo phansi.

Umthombo

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Funda Study @ Unisa

Study @ Unisa iyikhithi yakho yokusindisa yokufunda. Sebenzisa ulwazi olukulo mhlahlandlela ukukusiza ukuthi uqalise ngezifundo zakho. Ukwengeza, umhlahlandlela uhlinzeka ngezixhumanisi ezisheshayo kukho konke ukwesekwa okunikezwa yi-Unisa kanye nolwazi olumayelana nezinqubo ezibalulekile njengokuthumela ama-asayinimenti.

Izinsiza ezengeziwe

• Xhumana nesikhungo sase-Unisa esiseduze nawe ukuze ubuze mayelana nezinkundla zokucobelelana ngolwazi zamakhono okufunda ezingaba khona. Uma ungeke ukwazi ukuzihambela mathupha emhlanganweni wokucobelelana ngolwazi, dawunulowuda noma landa isethulo ukuqeqeshwa Kokubhala amanothi.
• Landela ishanela ye-YouTube Yokwelulekwa Nokuthuthukiswa Kwemisebenzi:  https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Kubhala emanotsi

Yini sizatfu sekubhala emanotsi?

Udzinga kubhala emanotsi ngoba udzinga indlelanchubo yesilondvoloti selwati.

Kubhala emanotsi kwenta muphi umehluko?

Ngekubhala emanotsi, utawuvisisa sihloko kahle kakhulu.

Bafundzi labafundza bucalu abayi emaklasini kute balalele bafundzisi; bafundza ngaphandle kwekhempasi, lwati labaludzingako lokucuketfwe kutinkhombandlela tekufundza (lokungenteka kutsi tibe ku-inthanethi noma tiphrintwe), emabhuku lancunyiwe, kanye naleminye imitfombolusito, njengema-athikili ejenali. Kudadisha ngekufundza akweneli. Bafundzi labaphumelele babhala emanotsi lamayelana naloko labakufundzile.

Emanotsi anetisa tinhloso letimbili:

1. Asebenta njengelirekhodi lalomphelo lesikhatsi losicitse ecenyeni yemsebenti.
2. Asebenta njengesinyatselo sekucala sekukhulisa inethiwekhi yakho yemasubuciko ekukhumbula. Kubhala emanotsi kuluchumano emkhatsini wekudadisha ngekufundza kanye nekuphendvula imibuto yetivivinyo (ema-sayimenti).

Uma ufundza lokucuketfwe lokusha, udzinga kwenta siciniseko sekutsi uyakuhluta loko lokufundzile kute kutsi ukuvisise uphindze futsi ukukhumbule. Lwatiso lolusha luhluteka kahle kakhulu uma ngabe ulubona ngeliso lekutsi lutawufanela indlela yakho yekufundza. Indlela lekahle kakhulu yekuhluta lwatiso kutsi ubhale emanotsi. Kubhala emanotsi ngekulandzelana kwetihloko nekuwabhala ngekwenta imidvwebo netimphawu nguto totimbili tendlela letinkhulu tekubhala emanotsi. Uma kubekwa ngalokubanti, uma ngabe unendlela yekufundza yekucabanga, kucamba, kubuka ubhale emanotsi ifanele kutsi ibe ngulekuhehako. Uma ngabe indlela yakho yekufundza nguletse kugcila kakhulu kumafekhtsi, unganconota indlela yekubhala emanotsi lechaza ngesinyatselo ngesinyatselo.

Tindlela letimbili tekubhala emanotsi

• Indlela yekubuka yekubhala emanotsi ifaka ekhatsi emabalavemcondvo, imidvwebobulembu, emagatja, ticheme, emathebula, emafloshadi, nema-oganogramu.
• Indlela lelandzisako yekubhala emanotsi ifaka ekhatsi emanotsi lalandzelanako, kwenta luhlu, emanotsi emugcasikhatsi, emagama labalulekile kanye nemagrafu, indlela yemibuto, kwenta tigaba nekulebula.

Kusetjentiswa kwetindlela letehlukene

Kukhetsa kwakho kusime etintfweni letinyenti, njengesikhatsi semnyaka (ekucaleni kwemnyaka noma kwesimesta ungatsandza kwenta sibutsetelo kute kutsi utfole imigomo lotawusebentela etukwayo, kantsi uma kusikhatsi sekulungiselela luhlolo ungatsandza kucopha imininingwane njengendlela yekuhlanganisa lwatiso lwakho), silinganiselo sakho seluhlobo lwemsebenti wekudadisha (ulukhuni, noma awetayeleki; ingabe kunemakhasi lamanyenti lafanele kutsi afundvwe?), kanye nendlela yakho yekufundza (ucala ngembono loshwambakanyako, noma-ke unconota sinyatselo ngesinyatselo?).

Nayi leminye imibono longatsandza kuyehlwaya. Uma ucala sifundvo, sinyatselo sekucala kungaba kwenta umbono lobutsetelako lomayelana nekutsi loku lokucuketfwe kukhuluma ngani. Loku ungakwenta ngekutsi udvwebe libalavemcondvo, sicheme noma i-oganogramu lesuselwa kulithebula lalokucuketfwe nesihloko sesigaba kanye netihloko tetigatjana.

Uma ubukana nesahluko noma sigaba, ungasebentisa yinye yaletindlela letilandzisako njengekwenta tigaba (tincenye) noma kulebula, emagama labalulekile kanye nendlela yetindzima, noma indlela yemibuto kute kutsi utfole kuvisisa kakhundlwana libhuku lelincunyiwe noma inkhombandlela yekufundza. Uma ngabe ucale ngekusebentisa yinye yetindlela tekubhala emanotsi ngekubuka, luhlaka lwesifundvo noma sahluko lesitsite sifanele kutsi sihlale engcondvweni yakho. Kugcina loluhlaka engcondvweni yakho ngesikhatsi ufundza tonkhe tahluko futsi ubhala nemanotsi kukusita kusuka emcondvweni wekungatayeleki kuye kulokwetayelekile. Ufanele kutsi ukwati kutsi utitjele kutsi: "Yebo! Manje sengiyabona kutsi konkhe kuhlangana kanjani!"

afikelwa kuvilapha nebutfongo ngesikhatsi udadisha. Kusuka kuyinye indlela uye kulenye kukusita kutsi ugcile. Uma ufana inshokutsi ngemdlandla, kukhumbula lwatiso kuba lula kakhundlwana. Kuhlanganisa tindlela letehlukene tekubhala emanotsi kute kutsi wati kahle lokucuketfwe sifundvo sakho lisubuciko lesitjudeni lesifundza ngekuhlakanipha! Nanoma-nje unendlela yakho loyitsandzako (yekubuka neyekulandzisa), insayeya yekubhala emanotsi isime ekhonweni lakho lekulinga tindlela letehlukene tekwenta umsebenti wakho kanye nekutfola leto letisebenta kahle kakhulu.

Imitfombolwati

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Kwenta libalavemcondvo kute utfole sibutsetelo

Sibonelo sendlela yekubhala emanotsi yekubuka: libalavemcondvo

Tinyatselo lekufanele kutsi utilandzele

Sinyatselo 1:

Cala ngemcondvo longumgogodla. Sebentisa lithebula lalokucuketfwe – sibutsetelo lesifisha kakhulu senkhombandlela yekufundza noma selibhuku.

Sinyatselo 2:

Faka emagama noma emabintana labalulekile kute kutsi ukhulise umcondvo longumgogodla (sahluko kanye netihloko tesigaba).

Sinyatselo 3:

Uma ngabe udzinga lamanye emagama noma emabintana labalulekile, sebentisa letihloko tetigatjana esahlukweni ngasinye. Manje sewente lotawusebentela etukwato (kuvisisa kutsi letigaba. tahluko kanye netigatjana tato letinyenti letehlukene tihlobana kanjani).

Sinyatselo 4:

Sebentisa lelibalavemcondvo njengesivivinyo sekutihlola. Beka emanotsi nemabhuku akho. Tsatsa likhasi leliphepha lelihlobile bese kutsi ngekususa enkhumbulweni yakho sewetfula loko locedza kukufaka kulibalavemcondvo. Kucatsanise nemtamo wakho wekucala.

Umtfombolwati

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Indlelanchubo yemibuto yekulawula umniningwane

Sibonelo sendlela yekubhala emanotsi lechazako: indlela yemibuto

Tinyatselo lekufanele kutsi utilandzele

• Sinyatselo 1 Yehlukanisa likhasi lakho libe tincenye letimbili kwente ikholomu yangasencele (kunye kulokutsatfu kwelikhasi) kanye nekholomu yangasekudla) (kubili kwalokutsatfu kwelikhasi).
• Sinyatselo 2 Kulekholomu lengasencele, bhala kabusha tinjongo yekufundza tibe yimibuto – emanotsi akho lakukholomu yangasekudla atawuphendvula lemibuto lengasencele.
• Sinyatselo 3 Kulekholomu lengasekudla, ngesikhatsi usafundza inkhombandlela yakho yekufundza kanye nelibhuku lelincunyiwe, yakha emanotsi akho abe timphendvulo talemibuto lebutiwe.
• Sinyatselo 4 Ungengeta leminye imibuto bese uyiphendvula kulekholomu lengasekudla. Kubuyeketa inhloso yakho yeluhlolo, vala emanotsi bese uyabuka kutsi ungakhona yini kuphendvula lemibuto ngekutsi ukhulume uphumisele noma ngekutsi ubhale timphendvulo takho phasi.

Umtfombolwati

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Fundza i-Study @ Unisa

i-Study @ Unisa yikhithi yakho yekuphila. Sebentisa lolwatiso lolukulenkhombandlela lukusite kucala tifundvo takho. Kwengeta, lenkhombandlela ikunika emalinki lasheshako ako konkhe kwesekelwa lokuniketwa yi-Unisa kanye nelwatiso lolumayelana netinchubo letibalulekile njengekungenisa tivivinyo.

Leminye imitfombolwati

• Tsintsa sikhungo sase-Unisa lesidvutane nawe ubute ngemihlanganosikolo lekhona yemakhono ekufundza leniketwako. Uma ngabe awukhoni kuya kulomhlanganosikolo wena ngekwakho, download setfulo sekubhalwa kwemanotsi.

• Landzela ishaneli ye-YouTube yeTekwelulekwa Nekutfutfukiswa Kwemisebenti: https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers. 

Ukwenza amanothi

Kubayini wenza amanothi?

Utlhoga ukwenza amanothi ngombana utlhoga ihlelo lokubulunga ilwazi.

Ukwenza amanothi kwenza wuphi umahluko?

Ngokwenza amanothi, uzakuzwisisa isihloko ngokungeneleleko.

Abafundi abafunda basemakhaya abayi ematlasini ukobana bayokulalela amalektjhara; bafunda basemakhaya, bafunda ngelwazi abalitlhogako elingaphakathi kwemihlahlandlela yokufunda (okungenzeka ibe ngethungelelwano/onlayini namkha aphrinthiwe), iincwadi zokufunda, begodu neminye imithombo, efana nama-athikili wamajenali. Ukufunda ngencwadi akukaneli. Abafundi abaphumelelako benza amanothi ngalokho abakufundileko.

Amanothi asiza ngeminqopho emibili:

1. Asebenza njengamarekhodi wasafuthi wesikhatheso osithathako ukwenza isigaba somsebenzi.
2. Asebenza njengegadango lokuthoma ekunabiseni ithungelelwano lamaqhinga womkhumbulo. Ukwenza amanothi kuyinto ehlanganganisa ukufunda nokuphendula imibuzo yemitlolo-phenyo.

Lokha nawufunda ilwazi elitjha, kufanele wenze isiqiniseko sokobana uqala imatheriyali ukuze ukghone ukuyizwisisa nokuyikhumbula. Ilwazi elitjha uqalana nalo kuhle lokha nawulihlela ngobutjha ukobana likhambisane nendlelakho wena ofunda ngayo. Indlela ehle yokuqalana nelwazi kukobana wenze amanothi. Amanothi owabona ngamehlo kanye namanothi ozenzela wona bunqopha ngiwo wombili aziintayela eziqakathekileko zokuzenzela amanothi. Kuhlekuhle nangabe unesitayela sokufunda ngokubona izinto ngomkhumbulo, indlela enobukghwari yokwenza amanothi ngiyo Kanye ekufanele uyilandele. Nangabe isitayela sakho sokufunda sinamaphuzu aqakathekileko, kungenzeka unyule leso esihlelekileko, segadango negadango, indlela yokucoca kunokobana wenze amanothi.

Iindlela ezimbili zokwenza amanothi

• Iindlela zokwenza amanothi ngokuwabona zifaka hlangana ukwenza amamebhe ngengqondo, ukwenza imidwebo yeenswebu, ukuhlukanisa amanothi, ukuhlanganisa amanothi, amatheyibula, amaflowtjhadi, kanye nangokuwahlela ngokulandelana kwemikhakha.
• Iindlela zokwenza amanothi ngokucoca zifaka hlangana amanothi owenza bunqopha, ukurhelisa, amanothi anesibekisosikhathi, amagama aziinkomba kanye nendlela yokuhlela ngokweendima, indlela yokwenza imibuzo, kanye nokuhlukanisa begodu nokufaka amaleyibuli.

Uthatha njani isiqunto sokobana le ngiyo indlela ehle ekufanele uyisebenzise? Thoma ngokuhlela ntanzi ilwazi ngendlela ezakukhambisana nawe.

Ukukhetha kwakho kulawulwa zizinto ezinengi, ezifana nesikhathi somnyaka (ekuthomeni komnyaka namkha kwesimesta ungathanda ukulungiselela isirhunyezo ukobana uthole ifreyimu yereferensi, ukobana lokha nakusikhathi sokobana ulungiselele iinhlahlubo zakho ungafuna ukutlola phasi koke njengendlela yokuhlanganisa lokho okusekela ilwazi lakho), isilinganiso somhlobo womsebenzi ofundwako (ingabe sibudisi, namkha asikajayeleki; ingabe sinamakhasi amanengi afundwako?), begodu isitayela sakho sokufunda (ingabe uthoma ngombono opheleleko namkha unyula indlela yokukhamba ngegadango negadango?).

Nazi ezinye iimphakamiso ongafuna ukuzihlola. Lokha nawuthoma ikhosi, indlela ehle yokobana uthome kungaba kuzibumbela umbono opheleleko wokobana ingabe isifundo sikhuluma ngani. Ungenza lokhu ngokobana udwebe umebhe wengqondo, itlastagremu namkha ukuhlela ngokulandelana kwemikhakha esekelwa ngilokho okumunyethweko kanye neenhlokwana zeengaba neengatjana ezingaphasi.

Lokha nawufika esahlukweni namkha esigabeni, ungasebenzisa yinye yeendlela zokucoca ezifana nokuhlukanisa kanye nokuleyibula, indlela yamagama aziinkomba kanye nokuhlela amagama ngokweendima, indlela yokwakha imibuzo, ukobana uzwisise kuhle incwadi efundwako namkha umhlahlandlela ofundwako. Nangabe uthome ngokusebenzisa enye yeendlelezi zokwenza amanothi ngokuwaqala, isakhiwo sekhosi namkha isahluko esithileko kufana njenganje silunge emkhumbulwenakho. Ukubeka isakhiwo emkhumbulweni lokha nawufunda isahluko bese wenza amanothi kukusiza ukobana usuke kilowo muzwa wokungajayeli uye kilowo wokwazi. Kufanele ukghone ukuzitjela uthi: “Iye! Njenganje sengiyabona bona koke lokhu kuhlangana njani!”

Ukusebenzisa kokubili iindlela zokuqala ubone nezokucoca ukobana wenze amanothi kuqinisekisa bona awubhoreki uphathwe buthongo lokha nawufundako. Ukutjhuguluka usebenzise enye indlela kuzakusiza ukobana ukghone ukulalela kuhle. Lokha nawufuna ihlathululo, ukhumbula ilwazi kuba lula khulu. Ukuhlanganisa iindlela ezihlukeneko nawenza amanothi ukobana uzwisise imatheriyali yekhosakho kuliqhinga lesitjudeni esifunda ngokuvula amehlo! Kungakhathaleki bona ngisiphi isitayela osinyulako (kungaba ngesokuqala namkha sokucoca), isitjhijilo sokuthatha amanothi sidzimelele ekghonweni lakho lokwenza ihlolombono ngeendlela ezihlukahlukeneko zokobana ufunde imisebenzi nokobana ukghone ukubona lezo ezisebenza kuhle.

Imithombo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.
• Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.
• Russell, P. (1979) The brain book. Know your mind and how to use it. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. 270p

Ukwenza umebhengqongo ukuthola isirhunyezo

EIsibonelo sendlela yokuthatha amanothi ngokuwaqala: umebhebgqondo

Amagadango ekufanele uwalandele

Igadango loku-1

Thoma ngombono ophakathi. Sebenzisa ithebula lokunyethweko – kusirhunyezo esifitjhani somhlahlandlela ofundwako namkha incwadi.

Igadango lesi-2

Faka amagama aziinkomba namkha amabinzana wamagama ukunabisa umbono ophakathi (iinhlokwana zesahluko Kanye nesigaba).

Igadango lesi-3

Nangabe ufuna amagama ziinkomba namkha amabinzana wamagama amanengana, sebenzisa iinhlokwana zangaphasi ngaphakathi kwesinye nesinye isahluko. Njenganje sewuzakhele ifreyimu yereferensi (ukuzwisisa ukobana iingaba ezihlukeneko, izahluko Kanye neengatjana zazo ezingaphasi zihlobana namkha zikhambisana njani).

Igadango lesi-4

Sebenzisa umebhengqondo njengesihlahlubo sokuzihlola wena. Beka ususe iincwadi zakho namanothi wakho. Thatha iphepha elingakatlolelwa litho bese ukhiqize koke lokho okukhumbulako okungilokho okutlole kumebhengqondo. Kumadanise nomzamakho wokuthoma.

Umthombo

• Buzan, T. & Buzan B. (1995) The mind map book. London: BBC Books. 320p.

Ihlelo lokubuza ukulawula koke

Isibonelo sendlela yokuthatha amanothi ngokweengcoco: ihlelo lombuzo

Amagadango alandelwako

• Igadango loku-1: Hlukanisa ikhasi kabili ukwenza ikholomu yesandla sesincele (isithathu sinye sekhasi) Kanye nekholomu yesandla sesidla (ikhasi elingokwithathu okubili).
• Igadango lesi-2: Ekholomini yesandleni sesincele, hlela ngobutjha iminqopho yesifundo njengemibuzo – amanothi wakho esandleni sesidla azakuphendula imibuzo ekholomini yesandla sesincele.
• Igadango lesi-3: Ekholomini lesandleni sokudla, lokha nawuragela phambili nokusebenza kumhlahlandlela wokufunda namkha encwadini efundwako, hlela amanothi wakho abe ziimpendulo zemibuzo ebuziweko.
• Igadango lesi-4: Ungangezelela ngeminye godu imibuzo eminengi bese uyiphendula ekholomini yesandla sesidla. Ukubuyekezela iinhlahlubo, bhloga namkha vala amanothi bese ubone ukuthi ungakghona ukuphendula imibuzo kungaba ngokutjho iimpendulo namkha ngokutlola iimpendulo phasi.

Umthombo

Deem, J. (1993) Study skills in practice. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. 418p.

Read Study @ Unisa

I-Study @ Unisa kusisetjenziswa sakho sokufunda ukuze uphumelele. Sebenzisa ilwazi kilomhlahlandlela ukuze likusize ukobana ukghone ukuthoma neemfundo zakho. Ukungezelela, umhlahlandlela ukunikela amalinki amsinya akusakilo loke isekelo elinikelwa yi-Unisa kanye nelwazi leendlela zeenkambiso eziqakathekileko ezifana nokuthumela imitlolo-phenyo.

Eminye imithombo

• Thintana nesentha ye-Unisa eseduze nawe uyokubuza ngeemfundobandulo ezifundisa amakghonofundwa wokufunda okungenzeka zibe khona. Nangabe angeze wakghona ukukhambela isifundobandulo, dawunlowuda isethulo sokwenza amanothi.
• Landela i-You Tube ye-Counselling & Career Development channel: https://www.youtube.com/unisacareers.